Intshayelelo
Uthutho olungena kwiimoto luxhomekeke ekuhambiseni amawaka eendawo ngexesha elilinganiselweyo, indawo encinci yomgangatho, kunye noxinzelelo lweendleko oluqhubekayo. Kwimeko enjalo, ukupakisha akusiyonto yokukhetha nje kuphela isitya kodwa yinto ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kothutho, ukuphathwa ecaleni komgca, ukunciphisa umonakalo, kunye noqoqosho olubuyela umva. Izitya ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ziyanda kuba zisombulula ubuthathaka obuninzi beekhreyithi zemveli ngaxeshanye, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezinomthamo omkhulu neziphinda zisetyenziswe. Eli nqaku lichaza izizathu ezihlanu ezisebenzayo zokuba zingcono kakhulu ukupakisha okuqinileyo, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni okungcono kwetyhubhu kunye neendleko eziphantsi ze-reverse-logistics ukuya ekuphuculweni komgangatho kunye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza kubathengisi, kwiindawo zokugcina impahla, kunye nezityalo zokuhlanganisa.
Kutheni izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo zitshintsha indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezingaphakathi kweemoto
Iitsheyini zokubonelela ngeemoto ziphakathi kwezona nethiwekhi zintsonkothileyo nezicwangciswe kakuhle kwicandelo lemveliso lehlabathi. Isithuthi esinye senjini yokutsha yangaphakathi siqulethe malunga ne-30,000 yezinto ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa izithuthi zombane zanamhlanje zisaquka malunga ne-15,000 ukuya kwi-20,000 yezinto. Ukulawula ukuhamba okungenayo kwezi zinto ukusuka kubathengisi beTier 1, Tier 2, kunye neTier 3 ukuya kwimigca yokuhlanganisa ye-Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) kufuna izisombululo zokupakisha ezibeka phambili ukusetyenziswa kwendawo, ukhuseleko lwenxalenye, kunye nesantya sokuguqula izinto. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini libone utshintsho olukhulu ukusuka ekupakisheni okunzima, okungaguqukiyo ukuya izisombululo ezenziwe ngobunjineli, ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Ukuze bakwazi ukuphatha olu luhlu lukhulu lwezinto ngokufanelekileyo, abacwangcisi bezothutho baya beshiya ngakumbi iikreyithi eziqinileyo zemveli kunye neerakhi zentsimbi. Endaweni yoko, ukuhlanganiswa kwe izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo zemoto iinkqubo ziye zavela njengecebo elibalulekileyo lokuphucula ukuhamba kwezinto ezinkulu. Ngokuvumela ukupakisha okungenanto ukuba kunciphe kube yincinci kunevolumu yayo yokuqala, ezi zikhongozeli ziphucukileyo zijongana ngqo nemiqobo yendawo neyezemali ebezisoloko ziphazamisa uthutho lweemoto olungena ngaphakathi.
Uxinzelelo lweendleko, ukusebenza kakuhle ecaleni komgca, kunye nomgangatho wokupakisha
Kwicandelo leemoto elikhuphisana kakhulu, iindleko zothutho zimele uxinzelelo olukhulu lwemali engenayo, rhoqo lubalelwa kwi-4% ukuya kwi-8% yeendleko zizonke zokwenziwa kwezithuthi. Ukuthutha izikhongozeli ezingenanto neziqinileyo ukubuya kubaboneleli ngumsebenzi ongeyongezelelekileyo odla uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olukhulu lwempahla. Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zihlasela ngokuthe ngqo oku kungasebenzi kakuhle ngokunciphisa kakhulu umthamo wempahla ebuyayo. Xa abaphathi bezothutho benokufaka izikhongozeli eziwileyo eziphindwe kathathu ukuya kane kwilori yokubuyisela xa kuthelekiswa nezikhongozeli eziqinileyo, iindleko zothutho ngebhayisekile nganye ziyawa, zibonelela ngoncedo olukhawulezileyo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluncinci lokusebenza.
Ngaphaya kokonga nje kwempahla, ezi zikhongozeli ziqhuba ukusebenza kakuhle ecaleni komgca kwisityalo sokudibanisa. Ukuveliswa kweemoto zanamhlanje kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimodeli zokuhambisa ze-Just-In-Time (JIT) kunye ne-Just-In-Sequence (JIS), apho indawo kumgangatho wefektri ilinganiselwe ngokungqongqo. Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ezisemgangathweni, ezihlala zihambelana nobukhulu beenyawo ezinje nge-1200x1000mm okanye i-1200x800mm, zivumela izithuthi ezikhokelwayo ngokuzenzekelayo (ii-AGV) kunye nabaqhubi becala lomgca ukuba baphathe izinto ngendlela eqikelelweyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukubekwa kumgangatho wokupakisha kwikhonkco lokubonelela kususa isidingo sokupakisha kwakhona okanye ukuhambisa iindawo ukusuka kwiibhokisi zomthengisi ukuya kwiitoti zangaphakathi zesityalo, okonga iiyure zomsebenzi kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala kwenxalenye ngexesha lokudluliselwa.
Iindawo ezibangela iintlungu zezithuthi ezithwala abantu ezingenakukwazi ukuzisombulula
Izikhongozeli zemveli, ezifana neerakhi zentsimbi ezitshixiweyo, iibhini zeplastiki eziqinileyo, kunye neekreyithi zokhuni ezisetyenziswa kanye, zingenisa iindawo ezininzi ezibuhlungu ezingapheliyo kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngeemoto. Eyona ngxaki icacileyo yireyithingi yazo yokubuya eyi-1:1. Nje ukuba ikreyithi yemveli eqinileyo ikhutshiwe kumgca wokuhlanganisa, ithatha umthamo ofanayo wetyhubhu kwilori yokubuya njengoko yayinjalo xa igcwele. Oku kunyanzela ii-OEM ukuba zihlawule amaxabiso eempahla aphezulu ukuze zithumele umoya ongenanto kubaboneleli bazo, nto leyo ebangela ukunqongophala kwabaqhubi kunye nokukhupha igesi ezibangela ubushushu.
Ukongeza, ukupakisha kwendabuko kudla ngokungabi nazimpawu zokulungisa kunye nezokukhusela ezifunekayo kwimigangatho yanamhlanje yokuhlanganisa. Iirakhi zentsimbi ezinzima zinobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-100 kg ezingenanto, nto leyo edala iingozi zokhuseleko kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ergonomic kubasebenzi beendawo zokugcina impahla. Iikreyithi zomthi zivelisa uthuli, ii-sprinters, kunye nezikhonkwane ezikhululekileyo ezinokungcolisa izinto ezibuthathaka zeemoto, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanqanaba amabi aphazamisa ukuhamba kokwenziwa kwemveliso. Iiplastiki eziqinileyo zendabuko, nangona zicocekile kunezomthi, zinokwaphuka phantsi kokuphathwa kwe-forklift enefuthe elikhulu kwaye azinakulungiswa lula, nto leyo enyanzelisa ukulahlwa nokutshintshwa kwangaphambi kwexesha.
Yintoni echaza iinkqubo zeekhonteyina ezisongekayo zeemoto
Inkqubo yesikhongozeli esinobukhulu obugoqekayo ayisiyobhokisi yeplastiki nje kuphela; yimpahla eyenziwe ngobuchule obuphezulu eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukumelana nobunzima bemixokelelwane yokubonelela ngempahla yemizi-mveliso. Kwicandelo leemoto, ezi nkqubo zisemgangathweni ophezulu ukuze zihlanganiswe ngokungenamthungo neenkqubo zokugcina nokubuyisa izinto ezenzekelayo (AS/RS), izixhobo zeforklift ezisemgangathweni, kunye nezikhululo zokuphatha iirobhothi. Ukuqonda inkcazo yobuchwephesha yezi nkqubo kubalulekile kwiinjineli zezothutho ezijongene nokuthengwa kweenqwelo-mafutha.
Ezi nkqubo zibonakaliswa ziindonga zazo ezidityanisiweyo, ezinamathele kwisiseko sepallet esiqinileyo ngeehinges ezinzima. Xa isikhongozeli singenanto, umqhubi unokukhulula iilatshi ezikhethekileyo ukuze zigobe iindonga ngokuthe nkqo kwisiseko. Olu tshintsho luguqula ibhini yemithwalo ephezulu ibe yipallet engaphantsi, ivula ukusebenza kakuhle kwempahla echaza imixokelelwane yokubonelela ngeemoto zanamhlanje.
Iinkcukacha eziphambili zoyilo lokusetyenziswa kweemoto
Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kweemoto zifuna iinkcukacha ezingqongqo zoyilo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukuqina, kunye nokuhambelana. Isikhongozeli esiqhelekileyo seemoto esigoqekayo sidla ngokuba nomlinganiselo we-1200x1000mm, esinobude obubekwe malunga ne-975mm, nto leyo enika umthamo wangaphakathi omalunga neelitha ezingama-840. Ngokwembono yokuthwala umthwalo, ezi zikhongozeli zenzelwe ukusingatha imithwalo enamandla (ngexesha lohambo) ukusuka kwi-500 kg ukuya kwi-900 kg, kunye nemithwalo engashukumiyo (xa ibekwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla) ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3000 kg. Lo mlinganiselo wamandla aphezulu ukuya kubunzima ufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa i-structural ribbing kunye ne-polymer blends eziphambili.
I-Ergonomics kunye nokufikeleleka kwenxalenye yesixhobo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ngokulinganayo. Uninzi lweemodeli zeemoto zineminyango yokuhla (iingcango zokungena) kwicala elinye okanye amabini. Ezi ngcango zivumela abaqhubi becala lomgca ukuba bafikelele ezantsi kwesikhongozeli ngaphandle kokwaphula imida yokufikelela esemgangathweni, eyalela ukuba abaqhubi akufuneki bagobe ngaphaya komda we-40cm ukuze bafumane iindawo ezinzima. Ngaphezu koko, ubunzima besikhongozeli bulawulwa ngokungqongqo; iimodeli ezisongwayo zeprimiyamu ezenziwe nge-polyethylene ephezulu (HDPE) zihlala zinobunzima obuphakathi kwe-40 kg kunye ne-55 kg, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zinokulawulwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngabasebenzi xa zingenanto.
Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo xa kuthelekiswa neebhokisi zemveli
Umahluko wokusebenza phakathi kwezikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongwayo kunye neekhreyithi eziqinileyo zemveli ucacile, ingakumbi xa kuhlalutywa iindleko zomjikelo wobomi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendawo. Nangona iikhreyithi eziqinileyo zibonelela ngolwakhiwo olulula, olunenxalenye enye olungenazo iindawo ezihambayo, ziyasilela ukuziqhelanisa nohlobo olujikelezayo lweekhonkco zokubonelela ezivaliweyo. Izikhongozeli ezisongwayo zizisa iihinges kunye neelatches, ezifuna ukunyamezelana kokwenziwa okuqinileyo kodwa zibonelela ngembuyekezo ebonakalayo ekongeni indawo.
| Inkcazo | Ikhreyithi yePlastiki eQondisiweyo yeNdalo | Isikhongozeli Esininzi Esinokusongwa |
|---|---|---|
| Ubunzima beTare | 45-50 kg | 40-55 kg |
| Isilinganiselo sokuBuyisela esingenanto | 1:1 | 1:3 okanye 1:4 |
| Umthamo woMthwalo oDynamic | Ubunzima bufikelela kwi-1000 kg | 500 kg - 900 kg |
| Ubude obugobileyo | Akukho (Ihlala ingama-975mm) | 320mm - 340mm |
| Ukusebenza kakuhle koGcino | Iphantsi | Phezulu kakhulu |
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuthelekiso, inzuzo ecacileyo yenkqubo egoqekayo yireyithingi yayo yokubuyisela engenanto. Ikreyithi eqinileyo igcina ubude bayo obuyi-975mm ngokusisigxina, ngelixa isitya esigoqekayo sigobeka siyehla siye kwi-320mm ukuya kwi-340mm. Olu nciphiso luvumela ababoneleli bezinto zothutho ukuba babeke iibhini eziwileyo zixineneyo, nto leyo eguqula indlela ezezimali ezisebenza ngayo izinto zothutho ezibuyela umva kunye nendawo yokugcina impahla.
Xa iikreyithi zemveli zisasebenza
Nangona kukho iingenelo ezininzi zeenkqubo ezisongekayo, kusekho iindawo ezithile zeemoto apho iikreyithi zemveli okanye iirakhi zentsimbi ezikhethekileyo ziseyeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Eyona nto ikhethekileyo ibandakanya ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezinzima kakhulu, ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, okanye ezinobuthathaka kakhulu ezidlula imida yesakhiwo sezikhongozeli zeplastiki ezisemgangathweni. Umzekelo, iinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ezidityanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo, iifreyimu zetshasi eluhlaza, kunye neephaneli zomzimba ezinkulu ezixineneyo zihlala zifuna iirakhi zentsimbi ezidityanisiweyo ngokwezifiso ezine-dunnage ekhethekileyo ukuthintela ukushukuma ngexesha lokuhamba.
Ukongeza, izikhongozeli zemveli eziqinileyo zisenokuba nengqiqo kwezemali kwiindlela zokubonelela ezikufutshane kakhulu. Ukuba umthengisi weTier 1 ukufutshane ngqo nesityalo sokudibanisa i-OEM—esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yipaki yomthengisi edibeneyo apho imigama yokuhamba ingaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezi-5—ukonga kothutho okuveliswa kukugoba izikhongozeli kusenokungakhawulezi ixesha lomsebenzi elifunekayo ukuze zidilike kwaye zimiswe. Kwezi zijikelezo zimfutshane kakhulu, ukulula kwebhini eqinileyo ngamanye amaxesha kunokuvelisa iindleko eziphantsi zokusebenza.
Kutheni izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo zingcono kunezo zemveli
Utshintsho oluvela ekupakisheni okudlulileyo ukuya kwiinkqubo eziphucukileyo zokubuyisela izinto luqhutywa ziimilinganiselo zokusebenza ezinokulinganiswa kulo lonke uthotho lokubonelela. Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo Zihlala ziphumelela ngaphezu kwezo ziqhelekileyo phantse kuzo zonke iindidi ezinokulinganiswa, ukusuka ekongeni imali ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokujongana nezizathu eziphambili zenkunkuma yezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngembuyekezo ebanzi kutyalo-mali.
Ukuze baqonde ukuba kutheni le nto ingcono kangaka, abacwangcisi bezothutho kufuneka bajonge ngaphaya kwexabiso lokuqala lokuthenga le asethi. Ixabiso lokwenyani lokupakisha okugoqekayo lifumaneka kwiminyaka emininzi yokuphila kwayo, ngokonga imali eqokelelweyo kwimpahla, ukunciphisa umonakalo wemveliso, amaxesha okuphatha akhawulezileyo, kunye nokuhambelana nemiyalelo yozinzo lwenkampani.
Iindleko eziphantsi zothutho kunye nokugcina
Eyona nzuzo inkulu yezikhongozeli ezisongwayo zisekuncitshisweni okukhulu kweendleko zokuthutha nezokugcina. Kwizinto zothutho zaseMntla Melika, itreyila eqhelekileyo engama-53-foot inokuthwala iinyawo ezingama-26 ezisemgangathweni zepalethi phantsi. Ukuba iibhini eziqinileyo zibekwe phezulu kathathu, itreyila ifikelela kumthamo wayo ophezulu kwiibhini ezingama-78 zizonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-OEM kufuneka ithumele ilori enye kwiibhini ezingenanto ezingama-78 ezibuyiselwa kumthengisi.
Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zitshintsha kakhulu le zibalo. Xa zigoqekile zaya kubude obuyi-320mm, ezi zikhongozeli zinokubekwa ukuya kuthi ga kwisithoba ukuphakama ngaphakathi kwitreyila enye. Ngenxa yoko, itreyila enye eneenyawo ezingama-53 inokuthwala iikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ezingama-234. Olu linganiselo lwe-3-to-1 lususa ngokufanelekileyo imithwalo emibini kwezintathu zeelori ezibuyayo, nto leyo evelisa ukonga kwempahla ephumayo ukusuka kwi-60% ukuya kwi-70%.
Iindleko zokugcina izinto nazo ziyancipha ngendlela efanayo. Indawo yokugcina izinto kwiindawo zokuhlanganisa iimoto ixabisa ixabiso eliphezulu, elidla ngokudlula i-$10 nge-square foot ngonyaka. Ngokudiliza izinto ezingenanto, izityalo zinokubuyisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75% yendawo yomgangatho eyayibekelwe ngaphambili ukugcina izikhongozeli eziqinileyo ezingenanto, okuvumela ukuba loo mhlaba unexabiso eliphezulu usetyenziswe kwakhona kwimisebenzi yokuvelisa imveliso.
Ukhuseleko olungcono lwenxalenye kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuphatha
Ngaphaya kokusebenza kakuhle kwendawo, izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu lwenxalenye, zinciphisa ngokuthe ngqo amazinga okulahlwa kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona. Izixhobo zezithuthi, ngakumbi izixhobo ze-elektroniki, iiphaneli zangaphakathi ezibunjiweyo ngenaliti, kunye nezixhobo zokuqhuba ezisebenzisa umatshini, zichaphazeleka kakhulu luthuli, ukufuma, kunye nomonakalo obangelwa yimpembelelo. Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo zineendonga zangaphakathi ezigudileyo kunye nezivalo eziqinileyo ezidala indawo ekhuselekileyo encinci. Xa zidityaniswe ne-dunnage yelaphu eyenziwe ngokwezifiso okanye iitreyi ezifakwe i-thermoformed, ezi zikhongozeli zinokunciphisa amazinga okuchaphazeleka okunxulumene nokuhamba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15% xa kuthelekiswa neengobozi zocingo ezivulekileyo okanye iikreyithi zomthi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuphatha nako kuphuculwe kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kweengcango ezithotywayo kuvumela abasebenzi ukuba bakhuphe ngokukhuselekileyo iindawo ezinzima ngaphandle kokuthambekela phezu kweendonga eziphakamileyo zebhini eqinileyo, nto leyo enciphisa ukwanda kokwenzakala kwemisipha nemisipha. Ngaphezu koko, isiseko esimiselweyo sezikhongozeli ezinokugoqeka sineendlela ezine zokungena ngeforklift kunye nemiphetho exutyiweyo, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nee-conveyors ezizenzekelayo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo kubaphathi bezinto zokulayisha nokukhulula iilori.
Inkxaso yeenjongo zokuzinza nokusetyenziswa kwakhona
Ishishini leemoto liphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lolawulo kunye nolwentengiso ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko walo kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye ukupakisha kudlala indima ebonakalayo kulo mzamo. Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zixhasa kakhulu uzinzo lwenkampani kunye neenjongo zokusebenzisa kwakhona. Zenziwe ngokuyintloko ngePolyethylene eNcinci (HDPE) okanye iPolypropylene (PP) ephinde yasetyenziswa kwakhona okanye esemgangathweni ophezulu, ezi zikhongozeli zinobomi bokusebenza obuyi-5 ukuya kwi-7 yeminyaka, ziphila amakhulu emijikelo yothungelwano lokubonelela.
Ngokungafaniyo neekhadibhodi ezisetyenziswa kanye okanye iipalethi zomthi ezisetyenziswa kanye eziphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezisongwayo zisebenza ngendlela ejikelezayo. Ekupheleni kobomi bazo obusebenzayo, izikhongozeli ezonakeleyo zinokucolwa, zinyibilikiswe, kwaye zifakwe kwiikhongozeli ezintsha, nto leyo efikelela kwizinga lokuphinda zisetyenziswe nge-100%. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuphelisa i-60% ukuya kwi-70% yohambo lokuthutha impahla olubuyayo, ukuthunyelwa kwezikhongozeli ezisongwayo kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-Scope 3 carbon dioxide (CO2) kwinethiwekhi yezothutho, kunceda ii-OEM zifezekise iinjongo zazo eziqinileyo ze-ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance).
Indlela abathengisi beemoto abafanele bayivavanye ngayo i-source kunye nokusasazwa kwayo
Ukutshintsha uthungelwano lokubonelela ngeemoto ukusuka ekupakisheni kwemveli ukuya kwinqanawa yeekhonteyina ezisongwayo linyathelo elifuna imali eninzi elifuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo. Impumelelo yokuqaliswa kwayo ixhomekeke kakhulu ekukhetheni iqabane elifanelekileyo lokuvelisa kunye nokuphumeza isicwangciso sokuphumeza esithatha inyathelo ngenyathelo esinciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwimveliso eqhubekayo.
Ababoneleli ngeemoto kunye nee-OEM kufuneka bavavanye iinkqubo zokupakisha ezinokubakho kungekuphela nje ngexabiso leyunithi, kodwa nangobume besakhiwo, inkxaso yobunjineli, kunye nokuhambelana kwekhonkco lokubonelela. Ukusasazwa kakubi kunokubangela ukunqongophala kokupakisha, ukumiswa kwemigca, kunye nelahleko enkulu yemali, nto leyo eyenza uvavanyo oluqatha lube lubalulekile.
Iziqinisekiso zomboneleli kunye nenkxaso yobunjineli
Ukuvavanya umenzi weekhonteyina kuqala ngokuvavanya izakhono zabo zobunjineli kunye neziqinisekiso zomgangatho. Ababoneleli kufuneka babe neziqinisekiso ze-ISO 9001 kunye ne-ISO 14001, ubuncinane. Ngenxa yokuba iikhonteyina zeemoto kufuneka zinyamezele imithwalo enamandla kakhulu, umenzi kufuneka abe nezakhono zokubumba inaliti ezinzima, ezidla ngokufuna oomatshini abakhulu bokubumba inaliti betoni ezingama-3000 ukuya kwezingama-4000 ukuze kuveliswe iziseko ezinkulu kunye neendonga ezinenxalenye enye ngaphandle kobuthathaka besakhiwo.
Inkxaso yobunjineli ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Umthengisi kufuneka akwazi ukubonelela ngedatha epheleleyo yovavanyo, kuquka iziphumo ezivela kwi-ASTM D642 (ukumelana nokucinezelwa) kunye ne-ASTM D880 (uvavanyo lwempembelelo). Ngaphezu koko, amaqabane angcono okupakisha anikezela ngoyilo lwe-dunnage yangaphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zokukhusela zangaphakathi zihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nobukhulu bangaphakathi besikhongozeli esisongekayo, ukwandisa uxinano lwenxalenye ngelixa kuthintela ukudibana kwenxalenye-kwinxalenye ngexesha lokuhamba.
Amanyathelo okuphumeza ukuguqulwa
Ukuphunyezwa akufuneki kwenziwe njengotshintsho olukhawulezileyo, oluqhutywa kwinkqubo yonke. Indlela ecetyiswayo kukuguqulwa okunezigaba, kuqala ngenkqubo yovavanyo kwindlela yothutho elawulwa ngokuqinileyo nenamandla amakhulu. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya oqhelekileyo uhlala iintsuku ezingama-60 ukuya kuma-90, evumela amaqela othutho ukuba ajonge amaxesha okuguqula achanekileyo, aqinisekise ukonga kwempahla, kwaye aqokelele ingxelo evela kubaqhubi becala lomgca malunga ne-ergonomics kunye nokuphathwa kwayo.
Ngeli nqanaba, ukubala ubungakanani obuchanekileyo beenqwelo-mafutha kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthintela ukuphela kwezixhobo. Ifomyula eqhelekileyo yobukhulu beenqwelo-mafutha yile: Ubungakanani beenqwelo-mafutha = (Ixesha lomjikelo ngeentsuku x Umthamo wenxalenye yemihla ngemihla) + I-Buffer. Kwicandelo leemoto, i-buffer ye-10% ukuya kwi-15% yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuqwalasela ukulibaziseka okungenakuphepheka, iimfuno zokugcinwa, kunye nemiqobo yokuhamba. Nje ukuba indlela yokuqhuba iphumelele kwaye izibalo zeenqwelo-mafutha ziqinisekisiwe, ukuqaliswa kungandiswa ngokwengingqi kwabanye ababoneleli beTier 1.
Uphononongo lokuthobela imithetho kunye nomngcipheko wokusebenza
Ukuthobela imigangatho yoshishino lweemoto akunakuxoxiswana ngayo. Iikhonteyina kufuneka zihambelane nezikhokelo zobukhulu kunye nokusebenza ezibekwe ziibhodi zengingqi ezifana ne-Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) eMntla Melika okanye i-Odette eYurophu. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela le migangatho kunokubangela ukuba iikhonteyina zingavunyelwa ziinkqubo zokugcina impahla ezenzekelayo okanye zingabikho ngokukhuselekileyo kwiinqanawa ezindala ezikhoyo.
Uhlolo lomngcipheko wokusebenza kufuneka lujongane nomngcipheko wokulahleka kweekhonteyina. Umngcipheko oqhelekileyo kwiinethiwekhi zokupakisha ezidibeneyo okanye ezinokubuyiselwa "kukuncipha," apho iikhonteyina zilahleka, zigcinwa, okanye zibiwe, ezazisoloko zijikeleze izinga lokulahleka konyaka le-5% kwiimpahla ezingalandelwanga. Amaqhinga okusebenzisa anamhlanje anciphisa oku ngokufaka iithegi ze-RFID okanye ii-node zokulandelela ze-IoT ngqo eludongeni lweplastiki ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngokulandela ngenkuthalo iinqanawa, ii-OEM zinokunciphisa amazinga okulahleka konyaka aye ngaphantsi kwe-1%, zikhusele utyalo-mali lwazo lwemali kwaye ziqinisekise ukuhamba kwezinto okungaphazanyiswayo.
Indlela yokugqiba ukuba utyalo-mali lufanelekile na
Ekugqibeleni, isigqibo sokuhlaziya inethiwekhi yezothutho sixhomekeke kwizizathu ezingqongqo zemali. Umthwali Omkhulu Wemithwalo Inkqubo ifuna iindleko ezinkulu zenkunzi kwangaphambili, njengoko iiplastiki ezisongwayo ezenziwe ngobunjineli zinexabiso eliphezulu lokuqala kuneekreyithi zokhuni ezisisiseko okanye iibhini eziqinileyo ezilula.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kuhlalutywa ngelensi yeTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO), iingenelo zemali zihlala zingaphezulu kweendleko zokuqala. Ngokumisela iindlela ezithile zothutho, ubungakanani benxalenye, kunye namaxabiso okuthutha, abaphathi becandelo lokubonelela ngeenkonzo banokwakha imeko yeshishini enomtsalane, eqhutywa yidatha yokuhlaziya.
Indlela yokubala imbuyekezo ngomzila kunye nomjikelo
Ukubala ixesha lokuhlawula kufuna ukwahlula iindleko zomjikelo omnye wetyathanga lokuhambisa impahla. Cinga ngemeko apho i-OEM isebenza kwindlela yeemayile ezingama-300. Ibhini eqinileyo yentsimbi okanye yeplastiki ingabiza i-$150, ngelixa isitya esisongekayo esinzima sibiza i-$220. Ukuba imithwalo ephumayo yetreyila engenanto engama-53-foot ibiza i-$1,200, ukubuyisela iibhini eziqinileyo ezingama-78 kubiza malunga ne-$15.38 ngebhini. Ukubuyisela iibhini ezisongekayo ezingama-234 kwitreyila efanayo kubiza i-$5.12 ngebhini, okuvelisa ukonga kwempahla ngokuthe ngqo kwe-$10.26 ngohambo ngalunye.
| Imilinganiselo yezeMali | Iinqanawa zentsimbi eqinileyo/zeplastiki | Iflethi yesikhongozeli esigoqekayo |
|---|---|---|
| Ixabiso leYunithi eliQikelelweyo | $120 - $180 | $180 - $250 |
| Umthwalo ophumayo (ongenanto) | $1,200 ngeebhini ezingama-78 | $1,200 ngeebhini ezingama-234 |
| Ixabiso lokubuyisa elingenanto ngebhini nganye | $15.38 | $5.12 |
| Imali eyongiweyo ngempahla ngohambo ngalunye | Isiseko | $10.26 ngebhini nganye |
| Ixesha Eliqikelelweyo Lokuhlawula | N / A | Uhambo oluyi-10 ukuya kwi-18 |
Ukusebenzisa le modeli, iprimiyamu yexabiso le-$70 yesikhongozeli esigoqekayo ifunyanwa kwakhona kwiihambo ezimalunga nezi-7. Ngokuqwalasela ukonga okongeziweyo kwiimfuno zokugcina ezinciphileyo, iindawo ezimbalwa ezonakeleyo, kunye neendleko zomsebenzi eziphantsi, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhlawula kwiikhongozeli ezigoqekayo zeemoto kwiindlela ezidlula iimayile ezingama-200 lihlala liphakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 ne-18. Nje ukuba ixesha lokuhlawula lifikelelwe, ukonga okuqhubekayo kwempahla kuyehla ngqo kumgca osezantsi wenkampani kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweyesi-7 yobomi besikhongozeli.
Isikhokelo sezigqibo kwii-OEMs kunye nababoneleli beTier
Kwi-OEMs kunye nababoneleli beTier, isigqibo sokutyala imali kufuneka silawulwe yimilinganiselo yomthamo kunye nejografi yenethiwekhi. Ukuba umthengisi uthumela imithamo ephantsi (umz., ngaphantsi kwe-1,000 yezixhobo ngenyanga) okanye usebenza kuphela kwiindlela ezimfutshane kakhulu ezingaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-50, utyalo-mali oluyinkunzi kwiikhonteyina ezisongekayo lungathatha ixesha elide kakhulu ukuba luhlawulwe. Kwezi meko zomphetho, ukupakisha okunokuhlawulelwa okanye iinqanawa eziqinileyo ezikhoyo zinokwanela okwethutyana.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiinkqubo ezinomthamo omkhulu ezithumela ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 iinxalenye ngenyanga kwiindlela zengingqi okanye zamazwe ngamazwe, ukutshintshela kwiikhonteyina ezinobukhulu obugoqekayo kubalulekile. Ii-OEM kufuneka zigunyazise ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezigoqekayo ezisemgangathweni kwimiyalelo yazo yokuhambisa abathengisi ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwenethiwekhi ngokubanzi. Ababoneleli abakumgangatho ophezulu, bona, kufuneka basebenzise ezi nkqubo ukuze baxoxisane ngemigaqo engcono yokuthutha impahla kwaye babonise ukuzinikela kwabo ekuzinzeni kwe-OEM kunye neenjongo zokwenza izinto ezithambileyo.
Ukuqukumbela, idatha ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iikreyithi eziqinileyo zemveli azisaxhotyiswanga ukujongana noxinzelelo lwezemali nolwendawo lwemveliso yeemoto zanamhlanje. Ngokutyala imali kwiinkqubo zeekhonteyina ezinkulu ezisongwayo, abachaphazelekayo kwiimoto banokususa inkunkuma kwiinethiwekhi zabo zothutho olubuyela umva, bakhusele izinto ezinexabiso eliphezulu, baze bakhe uthotho lokubonelela oluqinileyo nolungabizi kakhulu olukwaziyo ukuxhasa isizukulwana esilandelayo semveliso yeemoto.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Izigqibo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nesizathu sokuba iikhonteyina ezinkulu ezisongekayo zemoto
- Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
- Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kutheni izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo zingcono kuneebhokisi zemveli kwi-logistics yeemoto?
Zinciphisa umthamo wokubuyisela izinto ezingenanto ukuya kuthi ga kwizihlandlo ezi-3–4, zinciphisa iindleko zokuthutha impahla, ziphucula ukusetyenziswa kwendawo ecaleni komgca, kwaye zikhusela iindawo ngcono kuneebhokisi zomthi okanye zentsimbi enzima.
Zeziphi iindawo zemoto ezilingana kakuhle kwiikhonteyina ezinkulu ezisongekayo?
Zisebenza kakuhle kwiinxalenye eziphakathi ukuya kwezinkulu, ii-subassemblies, kunye neepakethe ze-dunnage ezibuyiselwayo, ingakumbi iindawo ezihamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo phakathi kwababoneleli kunye nezityalo ze-OEM.
Izikhongozeli ezisongwayo zixhasa njani ukuhanjiswa kweJIT kunye neJIS?
Iimpawu zabo ezisemgangathweni zinceda ii-AGV, ii-forklift, kunye nabaqhubi ukuba baphathe iindawo ngendlela ehambelanayo, benciphisa ukupakisha kwakhona, begcina indawo yomgangatho, kwaye begcina ukuphinda kuzaliseke ecaleni komgca kuqikelelwa.
Ngaba izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongwayo ziyahambelana nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambisa iimoto?
Ewe. Iimodeli zeemoto zihlala zenzelwe iinyawo eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-1200x1000mm okanye i-1200x800mm kwaye zidityaniswe nee-forklifts, i-AS/RS, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokuphatha ezizenzekelayo.
Yintoni ekufuneka abathengi bayijonge phambi kokuba bakhethe isikhongozeli esinokufakwa esininzi?
Qinisekisa umthamo womthwalo, ukuphakama okugobileyo, indawo yonyawo, amandla okubeka izinto, iindlela zokulungisa izinto, ukulungiswa, kunye nokuhambelana nezixhobo zakho, iirakhi, iifolokhwe, kunye nokuzisebenzela kwezityalo.