Intshayelelo
Njengoko imveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV kunye neendawo zokugcina amandla zikhawuleza, ukupakisha kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lwemveliso endaweni yesigqibo senkqubo yesiqhelo. Ngenxa yokuba iibhetri ezisekwe kwi-lithium zilawulwa njengezinto ezinobungozi, ukupakisha okusetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iiseli, iimodyuli, kunye neepakethi kufuneka kwenze okungaphezulu kokukhusela ekonakaleni: kufuneka kunciphise umngcipheko we-short-circuit, kumelane nempembelelo, kwaye kuxhase ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwezothutho. Eli nqaku lichaza isizathu sokuba ukupakisha okuqinisekisiweyo yi-UN kubalulekile kushishino olutsha lweebhetri zamandla, zeziphi iingozi ezinceda ekulawuleni, kunye nendlela ukhetho olufanelekileyo lokupakisha olunokukhusela ngayo ukuthunyelwa, kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka okubiza kakhulu, kwaye komeleze ukuthembeka kokusebenza kulo lonke uthotho lokubonelela.
Kutheni Ukupakisha Okuqinisekisiweyo yi-UN Kubalulekile Kwiibhetri Ezintsha Zamandla
Ukukhawuleziswa ngokukhawuleza kwezithuthi zamandla ezintsha (i-NEV) kunye namacandelo okugcina amandla egridi kuye kwaguqula ngokusisiseko uthotho lweebhetri zehlabathi. Njengoko imfuno yehlabathi ye-lithium-ion (i-Li-ion) kunye neebhetri ze-solid-state kulindeleke ukuba idlule kwi-3.5 TWh ngo-2030, umthamo omkhulu wezixhobo ezinamandla aphezulu ezinqumla imida yamazwe ngamazwe uye wabangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo olungqongqo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi bhetri ziqulathe iikhemikhali eziguquguqukayo ezinokuchaphazela ubushushu obukhulu, zihlelwa njengezixhobo eziyingozi (iimpahla eziyingozi zeKlasi 9).
Eyona nto iphambili ekunciphisweni kweengozi zokuhamba kukupakisha okuqinisekiswe yi-UN. Kwenziwe ngendlela yokuba kumelwane neempembelelo ezimbi kakhulu, kuthintelwe imijikelo emifutshane, kwaye kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kobushushu, izisombululo eziqinisekiswe yi-UN azizizo nje iibhokisi zokujonga ukuthobela imithetho—ziziseko ezibalulekileyo. Kwiinkokeli zobunjineli kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla, ukukhetha ukupakisha okufanelekileyo okuhambelanayo kuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezinkulu zinokufikelela ngokusemthethweni nangokukhuselekileyo kwimigca yokuhlanganisa izithuthi ngaphandle kokufaka imiqobo yomthetho okanye ukubeka ukhuseleko loluntu esichengeni.
Iingozi zokhuseleko, ukuphazamiseka, kunye nodumo
Ingozi ephambili enxulunyaniswa neebhetri ezintsha zamandla kukubaleka kobushushu—ukusilela okukhulu apho ubushushu bangaphakathi beseli enye budlula ngokukhawuleza i-600°C, bukhupha iigesi ezinobuthi kwaye buvutha iiseli ezikufutshane. Ukuba oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokuhamba, ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo akuniki miqathango, kubeka emngciphekweni iinqanawa zothutho, iinqwelomoya kunye nabasebenzi.
Ngaphandle kweengozi ezithe ngqo zokhuseleko, ukusetyenziswa kokupakisha okungathobeliyo imithetho kungenisa umngcipheko omkhulu wokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla. Abasemagunyeni bezibuko kunye nabalawuli beenqwelomoya bahlala bebamba imithwalo engenamaxwebhu afanelekileyo e-UN okanye besebenzisa ukupakisha okungeyonyani. Kwii-OEM ezisebenza kwiishedyuli zokuvelisa ze-JIT (just-in-time), ukuthunyelwa okukodwa okubanjweyo kunokumisa umgca wokuhlanganisa, okubiza amashumi amawaka eedola ngeyure ngexesha lokuvelisa. Ngaphezu koko, umonakalo obangelwa kumlilo wokuhamba onxulunyaniswa neendlela zokupakisha ezingakhathaliyo unokuphelisa iikhontrakthi zabathengisi be-Tier-1 ngokusisigxina.
Uxinzelelo lwezorhwebo kwishishini leebhetri
Nangona ukuthobela imithetho kungaxoxiswana ngako, abavelisi beebhetri bajongene noxinzelelo olukhulu lwezorhwebo ukuze baphucule iindleko zothutho. Uthutho kunye nokupakisha okwangoku zenza malunga ne-8% ukuya kwi-12% yexabiso lilonke leepakethi zebhetri ye-EV. Ngenxa yoko, iinjineli zokupakisha zinomsebenzi wokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwevolumu—ukufaka iimodyuli ezininzi okanye iiseli kwisikhongozeli sokuhambisa esiqhelekileyo—ngaphandle kokwaphula imida yobunzima obupheleleyo besatifikethi se-UN.
Olu tshintsho ludala umngeni onzima wokwenza ngcono. Ukulungisa isisombululo sokupakisha ngokugqithisileyo kwandisa ubunzima, kunyusa iindleko zokuthutha kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle komthwalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kobunjineli kuyingozi yokungaphumeleli kwiimvavanyo ezinyanzelekileyo ze-UN zokuhla kunye nokubeka imithwalo. Impumelelo kushishino olutsha lwebhetri yamandla ifuna ukufumana ibhalansi echanekileyo: ukusebenzisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo eziphambili, ezilula okanye izinyithi zesakhiwo ezidlula kwisatifikethi se-UN ngelixa zinciphisa iindleko ezihlawulweyo nge-kilowatt-yure nganye ehanjiswayo.
Imigangatho kunye neeKhowudi zokuPakisha ze-UN zokuthunyelwa kweebhetri
Ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kwihlabathi liphela kulawulwa yiMimiselo yeModeli ye-UN, esebenza njengesiseko seenkqubo ezithile ezifana neMiyalelo yoBugcisa ye-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), iKhowudi ye-International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG), kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu malunga nokuThuthwa kweeMpahla eziyingozi ngeNdlela (ADR) kwihlabathi liphela.
Kwishishini elitsha leebhetri zamandla, le mithetho ichaza iindlela zokuvavanya ezichanekileyo, iimfuno zesakhiwo, kunye nemida yokusebenza. Umzekelo, phantsi kwemithetho yangoku ye-IATA yothutho lomoya, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ze-UN3480 kufuneka zithunyelwe kwi-State of Charge (SoC) engadluli kwi-30% yomthamo wazo olinganisiweyo, kwaye zifuna uyilo oluthile kakhulu lokupakisha ukuthintela i-arcing yombane kunye nomonakalo we-kinetic.
Ukwahlulwahlulwa kweempahla ezinobungozi kwiiseli, iimodyuli kunye neepakethi
Iibhetri zeLithium-ion zihlelwa phantsi kweClass 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods, kodwa inani elithile le-UN lixhomekeke kulwakhiwo lokuthunyelwa. Iiseli ezizimeleyo, iimodyuli, kunye neepakethi zithunyelwa phantsi kwe-UN3480 (iibhetri zeLithium ion). Ukuba ibhetri igcwele izixhobo ezisebenza ngayo, iwela phantsi kwe-UN3481 (iibhetri zeLithium ion ezigcwele izixhobo), kwaye ukuba idityaniswe kwizixhobo, ihlelwa njenge-UN3481 (iibhetri zeLithium ion ezikwizixhobo).
Udidi ngalunye lunemiyalelo eyahlukileyo yokupakisha (umz., i-PI 965 ye-UN3480). Iipakethi zebhetri ze-EV ezinomthamo ophezulu zihlala zidlula imida yobunzima obuqhelekileyo, zihlala zinobunzima obuphakathi kwama-400 kg nama-800 kg. Ezi pakethi zinkulu zihlala zifuna iziqinisekiso zeLarge Packaging (LP), ezifana ne-UN 50A (i-steel large packaging) okanye i-UN 50B (i-aluminium), ezisebenzisa iinkqubo zovavanyo ezikhethekileyo ezenzelwe imithwalo enzima yemizi-mveliso.
Iimpawu ze-UN, iimvavanyo, kunye nezikhokelo zomthetho
Uphawu lwesatifikethi se-UN lubonelela ngesishwankathelo esaziwayo ngokubanzi sezakhono zephakheji. Umtya oqhelekileyo, onje 4A/Y20/S/23/USA/M1234, ibonisa uhlobo lokupakisha (4A yebhokisi yentsimbi), iQela lokuPakisha eliyanelisayo (Y yeQela lokuPakisha II), ubunzima obukhulu obupheleleyo ngeekhilogram (20), umxholo ocetywayo (S wento eqinileyo), unyaka wokwenziwa (23), ilizwe eligunyazisayo, kunye nekhowudi yomenzi.
Ukuze ufumane olu phawu, ukupakisha kweprototype kufuneka kuphumelele uvavanyo olunzima lomzimba. Oku kuquka uvavanyo lokuwa kwe-1.2-meter kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kulinganiswe ukuwa kokuphatha, kunye novavanyo lokubeka i-stacking apho iphakheji kufuneka imelane nomthwalo ongashukumiyo olingana ne-stack ye-3-meter yeepakeji ezifanayo ezilayishiweyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo okunokubeka ibhetri emngciphekweni.
Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili zamaqela okuthenga nobunjineli
Amaqela obunjineli bokuthenga nokupakisha kufuneka alungelelanise iinkcukacha zawo kunye neengozi ezikhoyo zekhemikhali yebhetri kunye nefomathi. Iqela le-UN Packing Group (PG) lichaza inqanaba lomngcipheko weempahla kwaye lichaza ubunzima bokupakisha obufunekayo. Uninzi lweebhetri zeLi-ion ezisemgangathweni zifuna ukupakisha kwePG II (Medium Danger), ngelixa iibhetri ezonakeleyo okanye ezineziphene zifuna ukupakisha kwePG I (High Danger).
| Iqela Lokupakisha | Inqanaba leNgozi | Ikhowudi yoPhawu lwe-UN | Ukuphakama kovavanyo lokuwa | Ukusetyenziswa kwebhetri okuqhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PG I | Phezulu | X | Iimitha ezili-1.8 | Iibhetri ezonakeleyo, ezineengxaki, okanye ezibuyiselweyo (DDR) |
| I-PG II | Phakathi | KWAYE | Iimitha ezili-1.2 | Iiseli ze-EV eziqhelekileyo, iimodyuli, kunye neepakethi zemveliso |
| I-PG III | Iphantsi | NE | Iimitha eziyi-0.8 | Iibhetri zabathengi ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsi (ezinqabileyo kwii-EV) |
Iinjineli kufuneka zichaze i-dunnage yangaphakathi—ezifana nee-anti-static foams, ii-rigid separators, kunye nee-non-burn blister trays—ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ayinakushukuma ngexesha lokuhamba, ngaloo ndlela ithintela umonakalo wesiphelo kunye nee-short circuits. I-assembly yonke (ibhokisi yangaphandle kunye ne-dunnage yangaphakathi kunye nebhetri) kufuneka ivavanywe kwaye iqinisekiswe njengeyunithi enye, edibeneyo.
Indlela yokuthelekisa iinketho zokupakishwa eziqinisekiswe yi-UN
Njengoko iziseko zokuthobela imithetho zimiselwe, imibutho kufuneka ikhethe uyilo lokupakisha oluhambelana nesantya sothungelwano lokubonelela, iindlela zothutho, kunye neethagethi zozinzo. Imarike inika uluhlu lwezisombululo eziqinisekisiweyo yi-UN ukusuka kwiibhokisi zefayibha ezithengiswayo ukuya kwizikhongozeli zentsimbi ezinzima nezingasetyenziswa kwakhona ezixhotyiswe ngokulandelela i-IoT.
Ukukhetha ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo kufuna uhlalutyo lweTotal Cost of Ownership (TCO). Nangona ibhokisi ye-corrugated eqinisekisiweyo yi-UN esetyenziswa kanye ingabiza i-$15, isikhongozeli sentsimbi esiphinda sisetyenziswe esenzelwe imijikelo yohambo engama-50 ukuya kwe-100 siya kuba neendleko eziphezulu kakhulu zangaphambili kodwa sinokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokupakisha ezihlawulweyo ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye kwiminyaka emininzi yemveliso yefektri.
Iintlobo ezilungileyo zokupakisha iiseli, iimodyuli kunye neepakethi
Uhlobo lwebhetri lulawula izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokupakisha. Iiseli ze-cylindrical okanye ze-prismatic ezithunyelwa ngobuninzi zihlala zipakishwa kwi-UN 4G (iibhokisi ze-fiberboard) okanye kwi-UN 4H2 (iibhokisi zeplastiki eziqinileyo) kusetyenziswa iitreyi zeplastiki ezenziwe ngokwezifiso okanye izahluli ukuze zahlulwe iiterminals nganye nganye. Oku kwandisa uxinano kwiiseli ezinomthamo omkhulu.
Kwiimodyuli zebhetri eziphakathi, iibhokisi ze-UN 4A (zentsimbi) okanye ze-UN 4B (ze-aluminium) ziyathandwa. Ezi zakhiwo ziqinileyo zikhusela iibhasi ze-busbar eziveziweyo kunye neepleyiti zokupholisa kwiindlela zokungena kwi-kinetic. Iipakethi zebhetri ze-EV ezihlanganisiweyo ngokupheleleyo, ezinkulu kwaye zintsonkothile ngokwejiyometri, zithunyelwa phantse kuphela kwiifreyimu zesinyithi ze-UN 50A ezenziwe ngokwezifiso okanye iikreyithi ezihlanganisiweyo eziqinileyo ezineepokotho ze-forklift ezidibeneyo kunye neendawo zokubethela ezinzima zokuthutha okukhuselekileyo okanye kolwandle.
Iindleko, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona, kunye notshintsho ekusebenzeni
Isigqibo phakathi kokusetyenziswa kanye (okunokusebenziseka) kunye neendlela ezininzi (okunokusebenziseka kwakhona) sixhomekeke kwi-logistics loop. Ukupakisha okungasetyenziswa kwakhona kusebenza kakhulu kwiindlela zokubonelela ezivaliweyo—njengokuthutha iimodyuli ukusuka kumenzi weseli ukuya kwindawo yokuhlanganisa iipakethe. Imodeli yezemali idla ngokutyhila inqanaba lokwahluka kwimijikelo emalunga ne-12 ukuya kwi-15; ngaphaya koku, iibhini zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa kwakhona okanye zeplastiki ezinzima zibonelela nge-ROI ephezulu.
| I-Metric | Ukusetyenziswa Kanye (umz., i-UN 4G Fiberboard/Wood) | Ingasetyenziswa kwakhona (umz., i-UN 4A Steel / 4H2 Plastiki) |
|---|---|---|
| Iindleko zangaphambili ngeYunithi nganye | Iphantsi ($10 - $50) | Ixabiso eliphezulu ($200 - $1,500+) |
| Ixabiso ngohambo ngalunye (kwimijikelo engama-50) | $10 - $50 (kunye nokulahla) | $4 - $30 (kuquka nempahla ebuyayo) |
| Kufuneka izinto eziza kutshintsha indlela ezisebenza ngayo? | Hayi | Ewe (Isithuthi sokubuyisela isitya esingenanto) |
| Inqanaba loKhuselo | Iphakathi (ibuthathaka kumswakama/ukutyumza) | Iphezulu (imelana nemozulu, iyakwazi ukumelana nokutyumza okukhulu) |
| Uzinzo | Ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma eninzi, i-CO2 esezantsi ngaphambili | Akukho nkunkuma, i-CO2 ephezulu kwangaphambili, ifuna ukucocwa |
Izisombululo zokupakisha ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokuchaseneyo neziqhelekileyo
Ukupakisha okusemgangathweni, okufana neenyawo ezisemgangathweni ze-VDA KLT ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo leemoto laseYurophu, kuvumela abavelisi ukuba bafumane izikhongozeli eziqinisekisiweyo yi-UN ngaphandle kweshelufu, nto leyo ephelisa amaxesha okukhokela uphuhliso. Izisombululo ezisemgangathweni zilungele iiseli ze-prismatic ezisemgangathweni okanye ubungakanani beemodyuli eziqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, iijometri zeepakethe ze-EV ezizimeleyo zihlala zifuna ukupakishwa ngokwezifiso. Ukuphuhlisa isisombululo esiqinisekisiweyo se-UN esikhethekileyo kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kwangaphambili, kunye neendleko zezixhobo zeetreyi ze-dunnage ezenziwe ngokwezifiso eziqala kwi-$15,000 ukuya kwi-$40,000, kunye neendleko zovavanyo lwesatifikethi se-UN somntu wesithathu (ngesiqhelo yi-$5,000 ukuya kwi-$10,000 ngoyilo ngalunye). Nangona ezi ndleko, ukupakishwa ngokwezifiso kunciphisa inkunkuma yevolumu, kuqinisekisa uxinano olukhulu lweepakethe kwisikhongozeli ngasinye sokuhambisa kwaye ekugqibeleni kunciphisa iindleko zokuthutha zehlabathi.
Amanyathelo okuthobela imithetho kunye nokulungiselela ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ngokukhuselekileyo
Ukuthenga ukupakisha okuqinisekisiweyo yi-UN linyathelo lokuqala kuphela; ukugcina ukuthobela ngexesha lokulayisha ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokuthutha kulapho uninzi lweendlela zokubonelela lungasebenzi kakuhle khona. Uthungelwano lweebhetri ezintsha zamandla lufuna iinkqubo eziqinileyo zokusebenza (ii-SOP) ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukupakisha okuqinisekisiweyo kusetyenziswa kanye njengoko kwavavanywa.
Inkalo ebalulekileyo yale nqanaba lokusebenza kukulawula iimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ingakumbi xa kusetyenzwa ngeebhetri ezingaphumeleliyo kulawulo lomgangatho okanye ezonakeleyo ebaleni. Imibutho elawulayo iphatha iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezichaphazelekileyo ngononophelo olukhulu, iyalela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuthintela ezikwaziyo ukulawula uxinzelelo olufikelela kwi-300 kPa kunye nokuthintela ukusasazeka komlilo wangaphandle.
Inkqubo yokuthumela engundoqo yabavelisi kunye namaqela ezothutho
Umsebenzi ophambili wokuhambisa uqala ngolawulo lweState of Charge (SoC) oluqinisekisiweyo. Iibhetri kufuneka zikhutshwe ziye kumda omiselweyo (umz., i-30% yothutho lomoya) kwaye zibhalwe phantsi. Okulandelayo, ibhetri kufuneka ibekwe kwiphakheji kusetyenziswa i-dunnage yangaphakathi echanekileyo echazwe kwingxelo yovavanyo lwe-UN. Ukutshintsha uxinano lwe-foam eyahlukileyo okanye ukushiya i-plastic separator ngoko nangoko kuphelisa isiqinisekiso se-UN.
Nje ukuba itywinwe, umphandle wephakheji kufuneka uphawulwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ulebhelishwe. Oku kuquka ilebheli yengozi yebhetri yeLithium yeKlasi 9, inombolo ye-UN (umz., i-UN3480), kunye nelebheli yeCargo Aircraft Only (CAO) ukuba iyasebenza. Okokugqibela, iSibhengezo seeMpahla eziNgozi (DG) kufuneka senziwe ngumthumeli wezinto ezinobungozi oqinisekisiweyo, obophelela ngokusemthethweni umenzi ukuba athobele ukuthunyelwa.
Ukuphatha iibhetri ezonakeleyo okanye ezineziphene
Ukuphatha iibhetri ezonakeleyo, ezineziphene, okanye ezibuyiselweyo (DDR) kungenisa iimfuno ezingqongqo zothutho. Phantsi kwemigaqo efana neSpecial Provision 376 (ADR/IMDG), iibhetri zeDDR ezisengozini yokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza okanye ukubaleka kobushushu kufuneka zithuthwe kwiphakheji ye-UN Packing Group I (X-rated).
Ezi zikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo zihlala zakhiwe ngentsimbi enzima kwaye zigqunywe ngezinto zokulawula ubushushu. Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kwangaphakathi kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingenakutsha, ezingaqhumisiyo ezifana ne-vermiculite okanye iigranules ezicima umlilo ezenziwe ngobunjineli (umz., iiPyroBubbles). Ukupakisha okuphucukileyo kwe-DDR kunokubandakanya iinkqubo zokucoca umoya ezisebenzisa igesi ukuze kukhutshwe ngokukhuselekileyo igesi enetyhefu ye-hydrofluoric (HF) ngelixa kuqulathe amadangatye kunye nee-projectiles ngexesha lomcimbi wobushushu.
Ukungaphumeleli okuqhelekileyo okubangela ukulibaziseka kunye nezohlwayo
Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho kwi-battery logistics kungqongqo, kwaye ukusilela kolawulo okanye ukusebenza kunezohlwayo ezinzima. Izaphuli-mthetho eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri kwi-SoC engaphezulu kwama-30% ngomoya ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo yegunya elifanelekileyo, ukusebenzisa ukupakisha okuneempawu ze-UN ezingafundekiyo okanye ezithintelweyo, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukubhengeza ukuthunyelwa ngokuchanekileyo kuxwebhu lwe-DG.
Iziphumo zemali zezi mpazamo zinzima kakhulu. Phantsi kwemithetho ye-FAA kunye ne-US DOT, izohlwayo zoluntu ngokwaphulwa kwemithetho yezinto ezinobungozi zinokudlula i-$80,000 ngokwaphulwa ngakunye, kwaye ukugqitha ngabom imithetho yokhuseleko kunokubangela ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ababoneleli bezothutho kunye nabathuthi bempahla baya kuvalela ngoko nangoko abavelisi abanembali yokusilela kokuthobela imithetho, nto leyo ethintela amandla abo okusasaza iimveliso kwihlabathi liphela.
Indlela yokukhetha umthengisi wepakethe oqinisekisiweyo yi-UN
Ngenxa yokuba uxanduva lokuthuthwa kwezinto ezinobungozi luxhomekeke kakhulu kumthumeli, ukukhetha umenzi wokupakisha sisigqibo sokuthobela imithetho. Umthengisi akufuneki abe namandla okuvelisa kuphela izinto eziqinileyo kodwa kufuneka abe nobuchule bokulawula ukuze akwazi ukutshintsha iinkqubo zeempahla eziyingozi zamazwe ngamazwe.
Xa kuvavanywa amaqabane anokubakho, ii-OEM zeemoto kunye nabavelisi beeseli zebhetri kufuneka bajonge ngaphaya kwamaxabiso eyunithi nganye. Kufuneka bahlole iinkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho zomthengisi, ukwandiswa kwemveliso, kunye nokukwazi ukuxhasa ubomi bokupakisha, ingakumbi xa ubuNcinci be-Order Quantities (MOQs) kwiibhokisi ze-UN ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zinokuqala kwiiyunithi ezingama-500 ukuya kuma-2,000.
Iziqinisekiso zomboneleli kunye neendlela zokuhlola
Umthengisi weepakethe ofanelekileyo we-UN kufuneka asebenze phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho oluqinileyo, oluhlala luqinisekiswa yi-ISO 9001 certification. Ngenxa yokuba i-UN certification inikwa ngokusekelwe kwiprototype, umthengisi kufuneka abonise ukuhambelana okupheleleyo kwimveliso yobuninzi; naluphi na ukuphambuka kubukhulu bezinto, ukuthembeka kwe-weld, okanye umxholo womswakama we-fiberboard kunokubangela ukuba iyunithi yemveliso ingaphumeleli phantsi koxinzelelo lokwenyani.
Iikhrayitheriya zophicotho-zincwadi kufuneka zibandakanye ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela komthengisi kwiindawo zovavanyo eziqinisekisiweyo yi-ISTA. Ababoneleli abanobuchule bokuvavanya ukuhla kwempahla ngaphakathi endlwini kunye nokuvavanya ukutyumza banokuphinda balungise uyilo olulungiselelweyo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunabo baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiilabhoratri zomntu wesithathu. Ukongeza, amaqela okuthenga kufuneka afune ukulandelelwa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto kwaye acele iingxelo zovavanyo lwe-UN zokuqala, ezingacwangciswanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukupakisha kuhlolwe ngomthwalo ongaqhelekanga omele uxinano oluthile lwebhetri kunye nejometri yomthengi.
Ukulinganisela ukuthobela imithetho, iindleko zomjikelo wobomi, kunye nokulingana kokusebenza
Ukhetho lokugqibela lufuna ukulungelelanisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokungqongqo kweendleko zomjikelo wobomi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kokusebenza. Ukuze kusetyenziswe kwakhona ukupakisha kwesinyithi, abathengi kufuneka bahlole indawo yomthengisi. Ukuthenga izikhongozeli zentsimbi enzima kumthengisi waphesheya kunokubangela iindleko ezinkulu zokuthutha impahla engenanto; ngoko ke, ukubeka umbane kwindawo ethile kufutshane nefektri enkulu yebhetri kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ngokwezimali.
Abathengi kufuneka basebenzisane nabathengisi ukuyila ukulingana kokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhongozeli esiqinisekisiweyo yi-UN sidibana kakuhle nezithuthi ezikhokelwayo ngokuzenzekelayo (ii-AGV) kumgangatho wefektri, singena ngokugqibeleleyo kwizikhongozeli zokuthumela ze-ISO eziqhelekileyo ukuze kusetyenziswe kakhulu iityhubhu, kwaye sineendlela zokubambelela ezilungelelanisiweyo zokunciphisa ixesha lomsebenzi ngexesha lokulayisha nokukhupha iipakethi. Umthengisi okhethwe kakuhle usebenza njengolwandiso lweqela lobunjineli, evala umsantsa phakathi kokuthobela izixhobo eziyingozi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuvelisa.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu soShishino lweeBhetri zamandla amatsha
- Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
- Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kuthetha ukuthini ukupakisha okuqinisekisiweyo yi-UN kwizithuthi zebhetri ze-EV?
Kuthetha ukuba iphakheji iphumelele uvavanyo lwe-UN lwezinto ezinobungozi ukuze ifumane impembelelo, ukufakwa, kunye nokugcinwa, kwaye ivunyiwe ukuthutha iibhetri zeClass 9 ezifana neeseli ze-lithium-ion, iimodyuli, okanye iipakethi.
Yeyiphi inombolo ye-UN esebenza kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion?
I-UN3480 isebenza kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezizimeleyo. I-UN3481 isebenza xa iibhetri zipakishwe ngezixhobo okanye zikwizixhobo. Ukuseta ngokuchanekileyo kumisela umyalelo wokupakisha ofunekayo.
Kutheni ukupakisha rhoqo kwemizi-mveliso kungonelanga kwiibhetri ezintsha zamandla?
Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo akunakuthintela ukujikeleza okufutshane, ukutyumza, okanye ukwanda kobushushu. Uyilo oluqinisekisiweyo yi-UN lwenzelwe ukulawula iingozi zeempahla ezinobungozi kunye nokunciphisa ukubanjwa kokuthunyelwa, umngcipheko womlilo, kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuthobela imithetho.
Ngaba kukho imida yokuthunyelwa ngenqwelo moya kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion?
Ewe. Kwiimpahla ezininzi ze-UN3480 ezithunyelwa ngenqwelo moya, imithetho ye-IATA ifuna ukuba kubekho intlawulo engaphantsi okanye ngaphantsi kwe-30%, kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokupakishwa, ukulebhelisha, kunye noxwebhu.
Kunini apho iibhetri ze-EV zidinga khona isiqinisekiso esikhulu sokupakisha?
Iipakethe ezinkulu okanye ezinzima, ezidla ngokuba malunga ne-400–800 kg, zinokufuna iziqinisekiso zeLarge Packaging ezifana ne-UN 50A okanye i-UN 50B, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye noyilo oluvunyiweyo.