Kutheni iibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki ezisongekayo ezingashukumiyo zifuneka kakhulu
Ikhonkco lokubonelela ngezixhobo ze-semiconductor kunye neze-elektroniki zehlabathi lisebenza phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu ukugcina amazinga angenasiphako ngelixa lilawula iindleko zokuthutha ezikhulayo. Njengoko ii-nodes ze-semiconductor zincipha kwaye iindibano zebhodi yesekethe eziprintiweyo (ii-PCBA) zisiba nzima ngakumbi, uvakalelo lwala macandelo kwi-electrostatic discharge (ESD) kunye nomothuko womzimba luyanda. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela okuthenga kunye nabalawuli bezothutho bayayeka ngokukhawuleza ukupakisha okusetyenziswa kanye ukuya kwiibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki ezisebenza nzima, ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukuthutha ngobuninzi. Izikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ezichasene ne-static (ii-FLC) kunye neepakethi zemikhono ziye zavela njengesiseko sezothutho ze-elektroniki zanamhlanje, zibonelela ngomxube okhethekileyo wobume besakhiwo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-electrostatic.
Imfuno yezi bhokisi zokuhambisa ze-elektroniki ezikhethekileyo ikhawuleziswa ngakumbi kukwenziwa kweendawo ezithile kwemveliso ye-semiconductor. Njengoko izityalo ezinkulu zokwenza izinto (ii-fabs) zisanda kulo lonke elaseMntla Melika, eYurophu, nakuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, umthamo wothutho oluphakathi kwezakhiwo—ukuhambisa ii-wafers eziluhlaza, ii-substrates, kunye nee-microchips ezigqityiweyo phakathi kwee-fabs, izakhiwo zovavanyo, kunye nezityalo zokuhlanganisa—unyukile. Ezi ntambo zokubonelela ezivaliweyo zifuna ukupakishwa okunokuphila iminyaka yemijikelo yothutho ngelixa zigcina ngokungqongqo iiparameter ze-ESD. Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ezichasene ne-static zijongana nale mfuno ngokubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo ngexesha lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwaye zidilike ziye kwinxalenye encinci yomthamo wazo odibeneyo ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezibuyela umva ezingabizi kakhulu.
Ngaphezu koko, imiyalelo yokusingqongileyo, intlalo, kunye nolawulo (ESG) iqhuba abathengi abathengisa ngobuninzi ukuba basuse izinto ezirhabaxa ezisetyenziswa kanye kwiinethiwekhi zabo. Ukupakisha okungabizi kakhulu akuvelisi nje kuphela inkunkuma enkulu kodwa kukwangenisa amanqanaba angamkelekanga ongcoliseko lwamasuntswana kwiindawo ezicocekileyo. Izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezigoqekayo ezingenakushukuma zibonelela ngenye indlela ezinzileyo, ecocekileyo, nelawulwa kakhulu. Ngokunciphisa iindleko zokuqala zemali kwiinkulungwane zemijikelo yokuhambisa, abasasazi bamashishini kunye nabavelisi bezixhobo zokuqala (ii-OEM) bafumana ukuncipha okukhulu kwixabiso elipheleleyo lobunini (i-TCO) ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemithwalo ye-elektroniki enexabiso eliphezulu.
Iimfuno eziphambili ze-ESD kunye nokuphathwa kakuhle
Kwi-semiconductor logistics, ukupakisha kufuneka kuthintele ukuveliswa kombane ongashukumiyo (tribocharging) kwaye kususe ngokukhuselekileyo naziphi na iindleko ezenzekayo. Iibhokisi zokuthumela nge-elektroniki kufuneka zilandele imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe engqongqo, ngokuyintloko I-ANSI/ESD S20.20 kunye ne-IEC 61340-5-1. Le migangatho iyalela ukuba izinto zokupakisha mazibe kuluhlu oluthile lokumelana nomphezulu ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo. Ngokwesiqhelo, izinto ezichithayo—eziqala kwi-$10^5$ ukuya kwi-$10^{11}$ ohms—zikhethwa kwizikhongozeli ezinkulu, njengoko zicothisa ukukhutshwa kombane ongashukumiyo, zithintela ii-arcs ezingalindelekanga neziyingozi ezitshabalalisa ii-microprocessors ezibuthathaka. Izinto eziqhuba kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-$10^4$ ohms) zinokusetyenziselwa ukhuselo oluthile lwangaphakathi kodwa zibeka umngcipheko wokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba isixhobo esitshajiweyo sidibana ngqo.
Ngaphaya kolawulo lwe-ESD, ukuphathwa okucocekileyo kuyimfuneko engenakuphikiswana ngayo kwiindlela zokubonelela nge-semiconductor. Ukupakisha okungena kwi-ISO Class 5 ukuya kwi-ISO Class 7 cleanrooms akunakukhupha ii-particles, kukhuphe iigesi eziguquguqukayo ze-organic (ii-VOCs), okanye kugcine izinto ezingcolisayo zebhayoloji. Iibhokisi zemveli ezirhabaxa, nokuba ziphathwa ngeengubo ezichasene ne-static, zivelisa uthuli lwephepha ngokungqubana nokuwohloka. Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ze-polyethylene (HDPE) okanye ze-polypropylene (PP), ezidityaniswe nee-polymers ezihlala zihleli okanye i-carbon black, zisusa ukuchitheka kwee-particles. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zikhongozeli zeplastiki zinokucocwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezizodwa zokucoca igumbi lokucoca ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni iipropati zazo zesakhiwo okanye ze-electrostatic, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemida yococeko engqongqo efunekayo kwii-semiconductor fabs ze-tier-one.
Iimeko ze-semiconductor kunye ne-electronics ezifanelekileyo kakhulu
Izikhongozeli ezisongekayo ezingashukumiyo zibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali kwiikhonkco zokubonelela ezisebenza rhoqo, ezivaliweyo. Imeko ephambili kukuthutha ii-wafers ze-semiconductor phakathi kwezityalo zokwenza izinto ezingaphambili kunye nezixhobo ze-back-end semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT). Kule mizila, iipallets eziqhelekileyo zeepods ze-wafer ezinzima nezibuthathaka zifuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kunye nomgangatho omiselweyo wesikhongozeli esikhulu esikhuselekileyo se-ESD. Uhlobo olusongekayo luvumela izikhongozeli ezingenanto ukuba zibuyiselwe kwi-fab ngomlinganiselo wokudibanisa we-3:1 okanye we-4:1, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokubuyisela impahla.
Enye indlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kukuthunyelwa ngobuninzi kweeyunithi zolawulo lwe-elektroniki zeemoto (ii-ECU) kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (ii-BMS) kwimigca yokuhlanganisa iimoto. Ukuveliswa kweemoto kusebenza ngemigaqo engqongqo ye-Just-In-Time (JIT), efuna ukupakishwa okusemgangathweni okuhambelana kakuhle nezithuthi ezikhokelwayo ngokuzenzekelayo (ii-AGV) kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha iirobhothi. Iibhokisi ezinkulu zokuthumela ii-elektroniki ezisongwayo ezixhotyiswe nge-dunnage ye-thermoformed ekhuselekileyo ye-ESD ethwala ngokukhuselekileyo amawaka ee-ECU ngepalethi nganye. Umthamo womthwalo onzima wezi zikhongozeli uxhasa ubunzima obukhulu bee-elektroniki zeemoto, ngelixa iingcango ezisecaleni zivumela abaqhubi becala lomgca ukufikelela kwi-ergonomic kwizixhobo ngaphandle kokususa isikhongozeli kwi-rack yokuhambisa.
Iinkcukacha zobugcisa zokuthelekisa
Xa kuvavanywa ukuthengwa kweebhokisi zokuthumela nge-elektroniki ngobuninzi, iinkcukacha zobugcisa zimisela ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto kunye nokhuseleko lomthwalo we-elektroniki. Amaqela okuthenga akanakuxhomekeka kwidatha yobukhulu obuqhelekileyo; kufuneka ahlolisise ubunjineli besikhongozeli. Uyilo lwesakhiwo sezikhongozeli ezinkulu ezigoqekayo luchaza ukuba ziya kumelana njani namandla atshintshayo emithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuphathwa kweefolokhwe, kunye nokufakwa kwempahla yokugcina impahla, konke oku ngelixa kugcinwa isikhuselo se-electrostatic esiqhubekayo esijikeleze umxholo.
Inkalo ebalulekileyo yothelekiso lweenkcukacha kukuqonda umahluko phakathi konyango oluchasene nokunganyakazi kwezinto ezisetyenziswa phezulu kunye nezinto ezihambisa umthamo. Izikhongozeli ezingabizi kakhulu zingasebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswa phezulu ezitsala umswakama emoyeni ukuze zenze umaleko womphezulu osasazekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngubo ziyaphela ngokuhamba kwexesha, zihlambeke ngexesha lokucoca, kwaye zingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo ezinomswakama omncinci (ezifana neendawo zokugcina impahla ezilawulwa yimozulu okanye amagumbi okucoca awomileyo). Iibhokisi zokuhambisa ze-elektroniki ezikumgangatho wezoshishino zixhomekeke kwiipolymers ezihlala zihleli, ezisasazekayo okanye iiplastiki ezinekhabhoni apho iimpawu ze-ESD zibunjwa zibe yisakhiwo semolekyuli sezinto, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kobomi bonke nokuba kukho umswakama ongqongileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, abathengi kufuneka bavavanye ubunjineli boomatshini beendlela zokusonga. Iihinges, iilatches, kunye nee-interlocks ezisecaleni zezona ndawo zixhaphakileyo zokusilela ekupakishweni okunokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Izikhongozeli ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zisebenzisa iihinges ezidityanisiweyo, iimbambo eziqinisiweyo, kunye nee-runners ezinokuthathelwa indawo. Ukuthelekisa ezi nkcukacha zobugcisa kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela leekhongozeli ezikhethiweyo ziya kusinda kumjikelo wobomi obujoliswe kuwo weminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwesixhenxe ngaphandle kokunikezela kukusilela koomatshini kwangethuba okanye ukuwohloka kwe-ESD, ngaloo ndlela kukhusela utyalo-mali olupheleleyo.
Izinto eziphathekayo, ukuqhuba, umthamo womthwalo, kunye nokugoqeka
Izinto ezisisiseko zeebhokisi zokuthumela izinto ze-elektroniki zoshishino zihlala ziyi-polypropylene eguqulweyo (PP) okanye i-polyethylene enoxinano oluphezulu (HDPE). Kwizicelo ze-ESD, ezi resin zesiseko zidityaniswe nezongezo ezithile. Umnyama wekhabhoni usetyenziswa kakhulu ekuqhubeni umbane ngokusisigxina, nangona ubangela izikhongozeli ezimnyama ezingacacanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha unokushiya amanqaku okutsalwa kwekhabhoni ukuba azidityaniswanga kakuhle. Kungenjalo, iipolymers ezisasaza izinto (ii-IDP) zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluhlala luhleli lwe-ESD ngaphandle kokutsalwa kwekhabhoni kwaye zinokwenziwa ngemibala eyahlukeneyo yokuhambisa uthotho lwezixhobo ezibonakalayo.
Umthamo womthwalo wahlulwe ngokwe-dynamic (in-transit), static (retaining stacking), kunye ne-racking loads. Isikhongozeli esiqhelekileyo esisongekayo esinzima kufuneka sixhase umthwalo oguquguqukayo we-500 kg ukuya kwi-800 kg, kunye nomthwalo ozinzileyo ofikelela kwi-3,000 kg, okuvumela ukufakwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweeyunithi ezine ukuya kwezintlanu ukuphakama kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Ukugoba kulinganiswa ngomlinganiselo wokubuyisela. Isikhongozeli se-premium siya kuwa ukusuka kubude be-1,000 mm ukuya kwi-300 mm, nto leyo edala ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyisela okungaphezulu kwe-300%.
| Udidi lweNkcazelo | Ipharamitha | Umgangatho woShishino / Uluhlu lweeNjongo |
|---|---|---|
| Isiseko sezinto | Uhlobo lwePolymer | I-Virgin HDPE okanye i-PP eguqulweyo |
| Iipropati ze-ESD | Ukumelana nomphezulu | $10^5$ ukuya kwi-$10^{11}$ $\Omega$ (I-Dissipative) |
| Ubude be-ESD | Uhlobo lokongeza | I-Volume-conductor (iCarbon) okanye i-IDP (ehlala ihleli) |
| Umthamo woMthwalo | Utshintsho (Uthutho) | 500 kg – 800 kg |
| Umthamo woMthwalo | I-Static (Ifakwe kwiStack) | 2,500 kg – 3,500 kg |
| Ukusebenza kakuhle kweLogistics | Isilinganiselo sokusonga | 3:1 ukuya ku-4:1 |
| Ukunyamezelana kobushushu | Ubushushu bokusebenza | -20°C ukuya ku +60°C |
Ubungakanani, ukufakwa, kunye nokuhambelana kokuphatha
Ukubekwa emgangathweni kubalulekile ekudibaneni okungenamthungo kwiinethiwekhi zehlabathi zothutho. EYurophu naseAsia, iinyawo ze-1,200 x 1,000 mm kunye ne-1,200 x 800 mm (EURO) zilawula, ngelixa iinyawo ze-48 x 45 intshi ziqhelekile kwicandelo leemoto kunye neeletroniki zaseMntla Melika. Ukukhetha iinyawo ezifanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwendawo ngaphakathi kwezikhongozeli zempahla yolwandle (ii-TEU) kunye neetreyila zeveni ezomileyo eziqhelekileyo, kususa izithuba ezingenanto ezibangela ukushenxiswa komthwalo kunye nomonakalo wokuhamba.
Iqokobhe langaphandle lisisiqingatha nje sesisombululo sokupakisha; i-dunnage yangaphakathi ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo kufuneka zifake izinto ezifakelweyo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezifana ne-ESD-safe cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) foam, iitreyi zokuqhuba ezifakwe kwi-thermoformed, okanye izahluli zeplastiki ezirhabaxa. Ezi zinto zifakelwayo zithintela izinto ngazinye, zithintele ukothuka ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokutshaja okubangelwa kukukhuhlana kwamalungu. Ukuhambelana kokuphatha kufuna isiseko sepallet sokungena esineendlela ezine, okuvumela iiforklifts kunye nee-pallet jacks ukuba zifikelele kwisikhongozeli ukusuka nakweyiphi na icala. Ukongeza, iziseko kufuneka zibe nemiphetho enee-chamfered kunye neepokotho zokulandelela ze-RFID ukuze zidityaniswe neenkqubo zokugcina nokubuyisela ezenzekelayo (AS/RS) kunye nezithuthi ezikhokelwayo ezenzekelayo (AGVs) ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiifab ze-semiconductor zanamhlanje.
Indlela izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ezichasene ne-static ezithelekiswa ngayo nezinye iindlela
Iingcali zokuthenga ezivavanya iibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki kufuneka zilinganise izikhongozeli ezisongekayo ezingashukumiyo ngokuchasene nezinye iindlela zokupakisha zemveli. Indlela ezipakishwe ngayo ze-elektroniki ibandakanya ikhadibhodi ebotshelelweyo enokusetyenziselwa izinto ezithengiswayo (eyenzelwe i-ESD), izikhongozeli zeplastiki eziqinileyo (ezingashukumiyo), kunye neendlela zokucima zentsimbi. Udidi ngalunye lubonisa iprofayili eyahlukileyo yeendleko zangaphambili, ixesha elide lokusebenza, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuthembeka kwe-electrostatic. Ukuqonda iindleko zizonke zobunini (TCO) kuzo zonke ezi fomathi kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo zokufumana izinto ezikhuselekileyo ezihambelana namaqhinga e-logistics enkampani ixesha elide.
Iibhokisi ze-corrugated ezithengiswayo zibiza kakhulu kwaye zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiindlela zokubonelela ezivulekileyo apho ukupakisha kungabuyiselwa khona. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ze-corrugated azinabo ubulukhuni obubonakalayo phantsi komswakama ophezulu, zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluncinci kwimpembelelo enzima, kwaye ziyaziwa ngokuchitha amasuntswana. Nangona zinokugqunywa ngeekhemikhali ezichasene ne-static, olu khuselo lolwexeshana kwaye luxhomekeke kakhulu kumswakama ongqongileyo. Izikhongozeli zeplastiki eziqinileyo zisombulula imiba yokuqina kunye nokucoceka kweebhokisi ze-corrugated kodwa zizisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle okukhulu kwi-logistics ebuyela umva. Ukuthumela iibhokisi ezingenanto eziqinileyo kwindawo yokuqala yokuvelisa kuthetha ukuhlawula amaxabiso okuthutha umoya, okunyusa ngokukhawuleza iindleko ze-logistics.
Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ezingashukumiyo zivala umsantsa phakathi kokhuseleko olunzima kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwempahla. Nangona zibiza imali eninzi yokuqala xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezigoqekileyo, amandla azo okuwa anciphisa iindleko zokuthutha ezibuyela umva nge-70% ukuya kwi-80% xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki eziqinileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ulwakhiwo lwazo oluvaliweyo lukhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezibuthathaka eluthulini, kumswakama, nakwiimpembelelo zomzimba ezikwindawo ethile ngcono kakhulu kuneendawo ezivulekileyo zesinyithi, ezinzima, ezisengozini yokugqwala, kwaye zifuna imitya enzima yokumisa umhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwe-ESD.
I-ESD, ukuqina, kunye nothelekiso lweendleko
Xa kuthelekiswa ukusebenza kwe-ESD, iiplastiki ezigoqekayo ezinomthamo zigcina ukumelana okuhlala kuphezulu kwe-$10^5$ ukuya kwi-$10^{11}$ ohms kuyo yonke iminyaka yazo emihlanu ukuya kwesixhenxe yobomi. Iibhokisi ezicociweyo zihlala zilahlekelwa ziimpawu zazo ze-ESD kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni wokungathobeli ngexesha lohambo olude lokuthutha impahla elwandle okanye indawo yokugcina impahla ende. Izikhongozeli zesinyithi ziyakwazi ukukhupha umoya (ngaphantsi kwe-$10^4$ ohms), nto leyo enokuba yingozi ukuba icandelo elitshajiweyo lichukumisa isinyithi esingenanto, nto leyo edinga iindleko ezongezelelweyo zee-liner zangaphakathi ezichithayo.
Ukuqina kwayo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izinga lokutshintshwa kunye ne-TCO. Iibhokisi ezifakwe i-corrugated zihlala zisetyenziswa kube kanye okanye zinqunyelwe kwimijikelo emibini ukuya kwemithathu. Izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezigoqekayo zenzelwe imijikelo eli-100 ukuya kuma-300 ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima be-supply chain. Nangona isikhongozeli se-ESD esigoqekayo esinzima sinokubiza phakathi kwe-$150 kunye ne-$300 kwangaphambili, ixabiso ngohambo ngalunye liyehla liye kumaqhezu nje edola ngexesha lokuphila kwalo, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu iindleko eziphindaphindayo zokuthenga amawaka eebhokisi ezifakwe i-corrugated ezisetyenziswa kube kanye.
| Uhlobo lokuPakisha | Ixabiso lokuqala | Ukuqina (Iindlela Zokujikeleza) | Ukuthembeka kwe-ESD | Ixabiso le-Reverse Logistics | Ukuchitheka kweenxalenye ezincinci |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-ESD Corrugated | Isezantsi kakhulu | 1 - 3 | Iphantsi (ixhomekeke kumswakama) | Akukho (Ilahliwe) | Phezulu |
| Iplastiki Eqinileyo ye-ESD | Phakathi | 100 - 300 | Phezulu (Ohlala Ehleli) | Phezulu kakhulu (Iinqanawa azinanto) | Unothi |
| Izinto zokuthintela isinyithi | Phezulu | Ngaphezulu kwama-500 | Ifuna ii-liners/grounding | Phezulu Kakhulu (Kunzima/Kuqinile) | Iphantsi |
| Iplastiki egoqekayo ye-ESD | Phezulu | 100 - 300 | Phezulu (Ohlala Ehleli) | Iphantsi (Iyawa 3:1) | Unothi |
Xa izikhongozeli ezisongwayo zezona zilungileyo
Izikhongozeli ezigoqekayo ezingashukumiyo zezona zikhetho zibalaseleyo kwimixokelelwane yokubonelela evaliweyo ephawulwa yimithamo ephezulu kunye nohambo oluqhelekileyo lokubuyela. Ukuba umenzi we-elektroniki uthumela ii-PCBAs ukusuka kwiziko laseMexico ukuya kwisityalo sokudibanisa eTexas rhoqo ngeveki, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kunye neendlela zokubuyela ezinokuqikelelwa ziyandisa i-ROI yokupakisha okugoqekayo. Ukonga okuveliswa kukudiliza izikhongozeli zohambo lokubuyela eMexico ngokukhawuleza kunciphisa ixabiso lokuthenga lokuqala, kudla ngokufikelela kwinqanaba lokuphumelela phakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-18.
Zikwayindlela engcono kakhulu xa kufuneka ukuba i-cleanroom ihambelane. Ii-semiconductor foundations ezisebenzisa i-ISO Class 6 cleanrooms ziyazithintela ngokungqongqo izinto ezirhabaxa. Izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezigoqekayo zinokuguqulwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ukusuka kwiilori zokuthutha ukuya kwii-airlocks ze-cleanroom, zisuswe nge-isopropyl alcohol ngaphandle kokonakalisa iipropati zazo ze-ESD, kwaye zithuthelwe ngqo kwimigca ye-SMT (Surface Mount Technology). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiindlela zokubonelela ezivulekileyo apho iimveliso zithunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela kubasebenzisi abahlukeneyo kwaye ukubuyiswa kweepakethi akunakwenzeka, ukupakisha okuchithwayo kuhlala kuyindlela efunekayo, nangona kungakhuselekanga kangako, kwaye kukhetho olunoqoqosho.
Ukuhlolwa kwemithombo, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho
Ukufumana iibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki ezikumgangatho wezoshishino kufuna inkqubo engqongqo yokuvavanya edlula kakhulu kwingxoxo ngamaxabiso eyunithi. Isiseko sokubonelela ngeplastiki esinzima kwihlabathi liphela sigxile kwiindawo ezinezakhono ezinamandla zokubumba kunye nokukhupha, ngakumbi kwiindawo zaseNtshona Yurophu, eMntla Melika, kunye neendawo ezikhethekileyo ngakumbi eMpuma Asia. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwezikhongozeli ezinkulu ezisongekayo eziqinileyo, ezihlala zichasene nokuma kufuna ubuchule obuphezulu bokudibanisa izinto ezininzi abavelisi beepallet abaqhelekileyo abangenazo. Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka ahambe ngononophelo kule ndawo ukuze aphephe ababoneleli abatshintsha ii-IDP ezisisigxina ngeengubo zexeshana ezingabizi kakhulu.
Ukuthobela imithetho kwicandelo lokupakisha nge-elektroniki kulawulwa yimilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe equka ukhuseleko lwe-electrostatic, imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha izixhobo. Abathengi abathengisa ngobuninzi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukupakisha akuhambelani nemigangatho ye-ESD kuphela kodwa kunye noMgaqo weZinto eziyingozi (RoHS) kunye nemiyalelo yoBhaliso, uVavanyo, iMvume kunye noMgaqo weeKhemikhali (REACH). Ukungathobeli imithetho kwezi ndawo kunokubangela ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-elektroniki yonke kubekwe ecaleni kwimida yerhafu okanye kungavunyelwa ngabathengi abakhulu be-OEM abafuna ukubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwekhonkco lokubonelela.
Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho akunakuba yinto ecingelwayo emva koko; kufuneka kudityaniswe kwisivumelwano sokufumana izinto. Abathengi kufuneka bagunyazise uhlolo lwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwezinto kwaye bacele iiSatifikethi zoHlalutyo (CoA) ezithile eziqinisekisa ukumelana nomphezulu kunye namandla omthwalo woomatshini wokusebenza kwemveliso. Ukuseka isakhelo se-QA esomeleleyo kuqinisekisa ukuba iibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki ezifika kwiziko lokuhambisa izinto ziya kusebenza kanye njengoko zibonisiwe, zikhusela izigidi zeedola ze-semiconductor inventory ebucayi kumonakalo ongaguqukiyo ongabonakaliyo.
Iikhrayitheriya zokufaneleka komthengisi
Ukufaneleka komthengisi weekhonteyina ezigoqekayo ezingashukumiyo kufuna ukuphononongwa kwamandla abo okuvelisa kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho. Imfuneko esisiseko sisiqinisekiso se-ISO 9001, kodwa ababoneleli benqanaba lokuqala kufuneka babe ne-ISO 14001 (Ulawulo Lwendalo) kwaye ngokufanelekileyo babe nezakhono ezithile zokubumba amagumbi okucoca okanye okulawulwayo. Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka ahlole izixhobo zelebhu zangaphakathi zomthengisi; umenzi ofanelekileyo kufuneka abe nezixhobo zokwenza uvavanyo lokubola okuzinzileyo okuqhubekayo kunye nokumelana nomphezulu ngexesha leenkqubo zokukhupha kunye nokubumba.
Ngaphezu koko, abathengi kufuneka bahlole amandla emveliso kunye nobunini bezixhobo. Ii-FLC ezinkulu zifuna oomatshini bokubumba abanamandla amakhulu, abaneetoni ezininzi. Ababoneleli kufuneka babonise amandla okuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthamo ophezulu kunye nokusingatha ubungakanani obuncinci be-odolo (ii-MOQ) ezihambelana nesicwangciso sokuqalisa somthengi. Kubalulekile nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthengisi ungumnini wemveliso ye-molds okanye ye-outsource, njengoko ukusebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo nomvelisi kuqinisekisa ulawulo olungcono kwi-custom resin compounding, amaxesha okukhokela, kunye nenkxaso yewaranti emva kokuthengisa kwiindawo ezitshintshayo ezifana neehinges kunye neengcango zokuwisa.
Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-ESD kunye nokuthobela izinto eziphathekayo
Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-ESD kufuna iindlela zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni. Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka agunyazise ukuba ababoneleli bavavanye izixhobo ngokwe-ANSI/ESD STM11.11 yokumelana nomphezulu kunye ne-ANSI/ESD STM11.31 yokukhusela ukusebenza. Isixhobo sokuqinisekisa esiphambili yi-megohmmeter (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimitha yokumelana nomphezulu) exhotyiswe ngee-probes zendandatho ezixineneyo zeepawundi ezintlanu. Xa efumana iprototype okanye ibhetshi entsha, amaqela e-QA kufuneka avavanye amanqaku amaninzi kwisikhongozeli—kubandakanya isiseko, amacala, kunye neehinges—ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukumelana okufanayo kuphakathi kwe-$10^5$ kunye ne-$10^{11}$ ohms, okuqinisekisa ukuba akukho "ndawo zifileyo" ezikhuselayo.
Ukuthobela izinto ezibonakalayo kudlulela ngaphaya kolawulo olungaguqukiyo. Abathengi kufuneka bafune amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba imixube yepolymer ayinazo iintsimbi ezinzima kunye neephthalates ezithintelweyo ukuze ihambelane neRoHS kunye neREACH.
- Isatifikethi sokuThotyelwa kweMithetho (i-CoC): Kufuneka ihambe nayo yonke into ethunyelweyo, ichaze ngokucacileyo isithako se-ESD esisetyenzisiweyo (umz., umnyama wekhabhoni okanye i-IDP).
- Uvavanyo lokubola okungaguqukiyo: Ukuqinisekiswa kokuba izinto zinokususa itshaja ye-1,000-volt ibe ngaphantsi kwe-100 volts ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana eyi-2.0 (ngokwe-MIL-PRF-81705D okanye imigangatho efanayo).
- Uvavanyo lokuhlamba: Ukuqinisekisa iipropati ze-ESD ezihlala zihleli, abathengi kufuneka bacele ukuba isitya sesampulu sihlanjwe ngeesepha zoshishino okanye i-isopropyl alcohol size sivavanywe kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukumelana nomphezulu akuwonakali, nto leyo eya kubonisa ukuba i-topical coating ayilunganga.
Ukuphunyezwa kwabasasazi kunye namaqela okuthenga
Ukuthenga iibhokisi zokuthumela ze-elektroniki ezifanelekileyo sisigaba sokuqala kuphela; ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kuthetha imbuyekezo yokugqibela kutyalo-mali. Kubasasazi kunye namaqela okuthenga, ukudibanisa iqela elitsha lezikhongozeli ezisongekayo ezingashukumiyo kufuna ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo phakathi kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, imisebenzi yokugcina impahla, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho. Ukutshintsha ukusuka ekupakishweni okunokusetyenziswa ukuya kwi-asset pool enokusetyenziswa kwakhona kufuna utshintsho kwindlela yokusebenza. Ezi zikhongozeli azisasetyenziswa; zizinto ezinkulu ezinokulandelwa ekufuneka zilawulwe, zigcinwe, kwaye zibuyiselwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphunyezwa kukulandelela iiasethi. Ngenxa yokuba izikhongozeli ze-ESD ezigoqekayo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zimele utyalo-mali olukhulu lwezemali, ilahleko (ukuncipha) ngaphakathi kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla inokutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza i-ROI eqikelelweyo. Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka acacise ukufakwa kweethegi ze-RFID okanye iibhakhowudi ze-1D/2D ezibonisa umahluko omkhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngokudibanisa ezi zikhombisi zokulandelela kunye neNkqubo yoLawulo lweWarehouse (WMS) yenkampani okanye isoftware ye-Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), abaphathi bezothutho banokujonga iindawo zezikhongozeli, balandelele ukubalwa kwemijikelo, kwaye baqinisekise izivumelwano zokubuyisela kunye namaqabane asezantsi okanye izibonelelo ze-OSAT.
Uvavanyo lokuhlola luyindlela ebalulekileyo yokufikelela phakathi kokuthengwa kunye nokuqaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphambi kokuba u-odole iinqwelo zeeyunithi ezili-10,000, abasasazi kufuneka baqhube inkqubo yokuvavanya yendawo enezikhongozeli ezili-100 ukuya kwezingama-500. Eli nqanaba lokuhlola livumela iqela lokusebenza ukuba liqinisekise ukusebenza kwezikhongozeli kwiimeko zokwenyani—ukuvavanya indlela ezihambelana ngayo neelori zothutho zengingqi, ukuba zisebenzisana kakuhle kangakanani nezixhobo ezizenzekelayo ecaleni komgca, kunye nokuba iipropati ze-ESD ziyamelana na neendawo zothutho zokwenyani. Idatha eqokelelweyo ngexesha lovavanyo iqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi okanye zokuphatha zenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe isibophelelo esikhulu semali.
Amanyathelo okuphatha ngokuqhubekayo ukupakisha nokugcina impahla
Ukumisela imigaqo yokupakisha nokuphatha kubalulekile ukuthintela ukonakala kwezinto ezikwizikhongozeli nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo lwe-ESD.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Impembelelo yokuthengwa kwezinto ngobuninzi kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto kwiibhokisi zokuthumela nge-elektroniki
- Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nemigaqo yorhwebo ekufuneka abathengi bayiqinisekise
- Iingcebiso ezisebenzisekayo kubasasazi kunye namaqela okuthenga
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kutheni kufuneka kusetyenziswe izikhongozeli ezisongekayo ezingashukumiyo kwizinto zokuhambisa izinto ze-semiconductor?
Zidibanisa ukhuseleko lwe-ESD, ukumelana nokutshayiswa, kunye nomthamo wobuninzi obunokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Uyilo olugobileyo lukwanciphisa umthamo wokubuya ongenanto, lunceda ii-fabs kunye nee-OEM ukunciphisa inkunkuma yempahla kunye nokupakisha.
Loluphi uluhlu lwe-ESD oluqheleke ukuba lufaneleke kwiibhokisi zokuthumela izinto ze-elektroniki?
Kwizithuthi ze-semiconductor ezinkulu, izinto ezisasaza izinto ezimalunga ne-10^5 ukuya kwi-10^11 ohms zihlala zikhethwa kuba zilawula itshaja ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokukhupha ngequbuliso.
Ngaba izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezisongwayo zingcono kuneebhokisi ezifakwe isinyithi ezikwigumbi lokucoca?
Ewe. Izikhongozeli ze-HDPE okanye ze-PP ezichasene ne-static zichitha amasuntswana ambalwa, zinokucocwa rhoqo, kwaye zilungele ukuphathwa kwe-ISO Class 5 ukuya kwi-7 kunezo zipakishwe nge-corrugated.
Zeziphi izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezilungele kakuhle izikhongozeli ezinkulu ze-ESD ezisongekayo?
Zilungele ukuhanjiswa kwe-wafer pod, ukufuduswa kwe-PCBA, kunye nokuthunyelwa ngobuninzi kwee-ECU okanye iiyunithi ze-BMS kwiikhonkco zokubonelela ezivaliweyo ezine-logistics yokubuyisela rhoqo.
Zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka abathengi bazithelekise kwiibhokisi ezinkulu zokuthumela izinto ze-elektroniki?
Jonga ukuhambelana kwe-ESD, ukuhambelana kwegumbi lokucoca, umthamo womthwalo, umlinganiselo wokugoba, ukubekwa emgangathweni kweenyawo, ukhetho lwe-dunnage olulungiselelwe wena, kunye neempawu zokufikelela ezifana neengcango zokuwisa ukuze kukhethwe icala lomgca.